The South Korean company's shares fell almost 7% in Seoul trading, the most since October 2008.
The company was ordered to pay $1.05bn (£665m) in damages to Apple, in one of the most significant rulings in a global intellectual property battle.
Samsung will appeal the verdict.
Analysts said investors were worried that the ruling could affect revenues.
"The context of the loss in this case is a lot worse than had been expected," said Song Myung-Sup from Hi Investment and Securities.
He added that if the ruling lead to a sales ban in the key US market for Samsung it would hurt earnings.
A nine-member jury in San Jose, California ruled on 24 August that Samsung had infringed patents for mobile devices.
It was the the most closely-watched of many similar patent disputes being contested in courts around the world between electronics manufacturers.
In recent weeks, a court in South Korea ruled that both Apple and Samsung had copied each other, while a British court dismissed claims by the American company that Samsung had infringed its copyrights.
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